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Worked examples

Cold Chain Calculator Worked Examples

One fully calculated example for each of our 25 calculators: the inputs, every calculation step and the result, with metric and imperial figures. Open the calculator to run your own numbers, or send the example to a quote request as a starting brief.

Room size, space and capacity

Turn stored quantity into volume, floor area and pallet positions.

Cold room size calculator

A frozen packaged-food room receives 20 t/day and holds 14 days at 6 m clear height.

Inputs

  • • 20 t/day
  • • 14 storage days
  • • 400 kg/m³ product density
  • • 6 m / 19.7 ft clear height

Calculation

  1. • 280,000 kg ÷ 400 = 700 m³ net
  2. • 700 × 1.30 = 910 m³ gross
  3. • 910 ÷ 6 ≈ 152 m² floor
  4. • 910 ÷ 2.2 ≈ 414 Euro-pallet equivalents

Result: 910 m³ (32,137 ft³), about 152 m² (1,636 ft²) and 414 pallet equivalents.

Facility sizing calculator

New frozen store for 500 EUR pallets, no existing fault.

Inputs

  • • 500 pallets
  • • Frozen −18…−25 °C (set point −22 °C / −7.6 °F)
  • • No fault

Calculation

  1. • 500 × 3.2 = 1,600 m³ (56,500 ft³)
  2. • 1,600 ÷ 6 = 267 m² (2,870 ft²)
  3. • 1,600 × 32 ÷ 1000 = 51.2 kW base
  4. • 51.2 × 1.20 = 61.4 kW

Result: ≈ 61.4 kW required duty (≈ 17.5 TR · 209,600 BTU/h). With 'plant older than 12 years' (+20%) it becomes ≈ 73.7 kW.

Warehouse capacity planner

A 5,000 m² (53,820 ft²) distribution centre with 12 m (39.4 ft) clear height and selective racking.

Inputs

  • • Selective racking: 0.95 pallets/m², aisle factor 1.35
  • • 85% effective utilisation
  • • 18 inventory turns/year

Calculation

  1. • Rack levels = floor((12 − 1.5) ÷ 1.65) = 6
  2. • Effective area = 5,000 ÷ 1.35 ≈ 3,704 m²
  3. • Positions ≈ 3,704 × 0.95 × 0.55 × 6 × 0.85 ≈ 9,875
  4. • Annual throughput ≈ 9,875 × 18 = 177,750 pallets

Result: About 9,875 pallet positions and 177,750 pallets per year of throughput.

Cold storage growth planner

Frozen cold store growing from 10,000 to 18,000 pallets, inbound 220 → 380 pallets/day, 6 doors, 800 kW installed.

Inputs

  • • Target 18,000 pallets
  • • Inbound 380 /day (+73%)
  • • 6 doors
  • • Installed 800 kW (227 TR)

Calculation

  1. • 18,000 × 0.075 = 1,350 kW
  2. • 380 × 0.85 = 323 kW
  3. • 6 × 1.727 × 6 = 62 kW
  4. • Peak = 1,735 kW · gap = 935 kW · utilisation 217%

Result: New peak ≈ 1,735 kW (≈ 493 TR · 5.9 million BTU/h) — plant upsizing or a second plant is very likely required.

Refrigeration duty and equipment

Estimate the cooling capacity, compressor and envelope a supplier must quote against.

Cooling capacity calculator

A 2,000 m³ frozen room in a hot/arid climate with a 20% safety factor.

Inputs

  • • 2,000 m³ (70,629 ft³)
  • • Frozen class: 38 W/m³
  • • Hot/arid multiplier 1.20
  • • 20% safety factor

Calculation

  1. • Base = 2,000 × 38 ÷ 1,000 = 76.0 kW
  2. • Climate adjusted = 76.0 × 1.20 = 91.2 kW
  3. • Design = 91.2 × 1.20 = 109.44 kW

Result: About 109 kW, 31.1 TR or 373,000 BTU/h.

Refrigeration load calculator

A 500 m² chilled room, 6 m high, receives 15,000 kg/day at 22 °C.

Inputs

  • • Room 2 °C; ambient 35 °C
  • • U-value 0.22 W/m²K
  • • 18 run hours/day; 15% margin

Calculation

  1. • Transmission = 11.52 kW
  2. • Product pull-down = 12.50 kW
  3. • Infiltration = 3.74 kW; internal gains = 4.14 kW
  4. • Average load 31.90 × 24 ÷ 18 × 1.15 = 48.91 kW

Result: 48.91 kW (13.91 TR), planning band 36.35–61.47 kW.

Door infiltration load calculator

A frozen-store doorway during a warm, humid operating day.

Inputs

  • • 2.4 m × 3.0 m door
  • • −20 °C room; 30 °C and 65% RH outside
  • • 40 openings × 90 seconds
  • • PVC strip curtain

Calculation

  1. • Air exchange = 0.22 × area × √(g × height × density difference)
  2. • Peak load × (1 − curtain effectiveness)
  3. • Average = peak × open seconds ÷ 86,400

Result: About 10.6 kW average added duty from door openings.

Compressor sizing calculator

Preliminary NH₃ compressor family for 150 kW at −30 °C evaporating and 40 °C condensing.

Inputs

  • • 150 kW = 42.65 TR = 511,821 BTU/h
  • • 70 K temperature lift
  • • NH₃ base COP 3.1

Calculation

  1. • COP ≈ 3.1 × 60 ÷ 70 = 2.66
  2. • Motor ≈ 150 ÷ 2.66 = 56.5 kW
  3. • Displacement ≈ 480 m³/h

Result: About 56.5 kW motor input and a screw-compressor family — not a manufacturer selection.

Insulation panel calculator

A 30 × 20 × 8 m frozen room at −20 °C in a 35 °C ambient uses PIR panels.

Inputs

  • • 30 × 20 × 8 m (98.4 × 65.6 × 26.2 ft)
  • • ΔT = 55 K / 99 °F
  • • PIR conductivity 0.022 W/m·K

Calculation

  1. • Thickness = 125 mm (4.92 in)
  2. • U = 0.022 ÷ 0.125 = 0.176 W/m²K
  3. • Envelope area = 2,000 m²
  4. • Heat gain = 0.176 × 2,000 × 55 ÷ 1000 = 19.4 kW

Result: 125 mm panels with about 19.4 kW transmission heat gain.

CO₂ vs ammonia comparison

600 kW frozen-storage plant in a warm climate (peak ~38 °C), 6,000 run hours.

Inputs

  • • Duty 600 kW (171 TR · 2.05 million BTU/h)
  • • Frozen COP 1.9
  • • Warm: CO₂ ×1.12 · NH₃ ×1.03

Calculation

  1. • CO₂ COP = 1.9 ÷ 1.12 = 1.70 → 354 kW → 2.12 GWh/yr
  2. • NH₃ COP = 1.9 ÷ 1.03 = 1.84 → 325 kW → 1.95 GWh/yr

Result: Ammonia uses ≈ 8% less energy at this climate; in cool climates the CO₂ penalty disappears and the gap reverses.

Backup generator calculator

A 120 kW refrigeration plant with 25 kW auxiliaries needs 24-hour standby power and soft starting.

Inputs

  • • 120 kW (161 hp) refrigeration
  • • 25 kW auxiliaries
  • • Soft-start multiplier 1.4
  • • 24 h autonomy

Calculation

  1. • Running = 120 × 0.85 + 25 = 127 kW
  2. • Peak ≈ 146 kW
  3. • Generator = 146 ÷ 0.80 × 1.20 → 225 kVA
  4. • Fuel ≈ 906 L (239 US gal)

Result: One 225 kVA generator and about 906 L of fuel for 24 hours.

Freezing and sector rooms

Blast, IQF, seafood, meat and retail refrigeration examples.

Blast freezer calculator

Freeze a 20 t (44,092 lb) fish batch to a −18 °C core in an air-blast tunnel.

Inputs

  • • 20 t batch
  • • 290 kJ/kg enthalpy removal
  • • 8 h cycle
  • • 20% plant allowance

Calculation

  1. • 20,000 × 290 = 5,800,000 kJ
  2. • 5,800,000 ÷ (8 × 3,600) ≈ 201 kW
  3. • 201 × 1.20 ≈ 242 kW

Result: About 242 kW plant duty (68.8 TR · 826,000 BTU/h).

IQF freezer sizing calculator

An IQF vegetable line freezes 2,000 kg/h for 16 hours/day with product entering at 15 °C.

Inputs

  • • 2,000 kg/h (4,409 lb/h)
  • • 330 kJ/kg
  • • 16 h/day
  • • 30% plant allowance

Calculation

  1. • 2,000 ÷ 3,600 × 330 ≈ 183 kW
  2. • 183 × 1.30 ≈ 238 kW
  3. • 2,000 × 16 ÷ 1,000 = 32 t/day

Result: About 238 kW for 32 t/day.

Fish & seafood cold storage calculator

Whitefish blocks, 30 t/day held 20 days at −25 °C, 7 m building, 35 °C ambient.

Inputs

  • • 600 t stored (1.32 million lb)
  • • Density 480 kg/m³ (30 lb/ft³)
  • • −25 °C regime 24 W/m³

Calculation

  1. • 600,000 ÷ 480 = 1,250 m³ net
  2. • 1,250 ÷ 0.45 = 2,778 m³ gross (98,100 ft³); floor ≈ 463 m² (4,980 ft²)
  3. • 2,778 × 24 × 1.075 ÷ 1000 = 71.7 kW

Result: ≈ 72 kW holding load (≈ 20 TR · 245,000 BTU/h) and ≈ 667 pallet positions.

Meat cold room calculator

Beef carcass chilling, 15 t/day held 4 days, 5.5 m room, 32 °C ambient.

Inputs

  • • 60 t stored (132,000 lb)
  • • Density 200 kg/m³ on rail
  • • Chilling +38 → +4 °C, 45 W/m³, cp 3.2 kJ/kg·K

Calculation

  1. • 60,000 ÷ 200 = 300 m³ net → 750 m³ gross (26,500 ft³)
  2. • Rail = 60,000 ÷ 320 ≈ 188 m (615 ft)
  3. • Envelope = 750 × 45 × 1.04 ÷ 1000 = 35.1 kW
  4. • Product = 15,000 × 3.2 × 34 ÷ 72,000 = 22.7 kW

Result: ≈ 57.8 kW chilling duty (≈ 16.4 TR · 197,000 BTU/h).

Supermarket refrigeration calculator

Mid-size supermarket on a transcritical CO₂ pack with doored chilled cabinets.

Inputs

  • • 45 m chilled (148 ft)
  • • 18 m frozen (59 ft)
  • • 180 m³ backroom (6,360 ft³)
  • • CO₂ factor 1.00

Calculation

  1. • 45 × 0.42 = 18.9 kW · 18 × 0.55 = 9.9 kW · 180 × 0.055 = 9.9 kW
  2. • Duty = 38.7 kW → pack 44.5 kW
  3. • 38.7 × 0.62 × 8,760 = 210,000 kWh / year

Result: ≈ 44.5 kW pack (≈ 12.7 TR · 152,000 BTU/h) and ≈ 210 MWh of refrigeration electricity per year.

Energy and running cost

Annual kWh and operating cost from duty, efficiency and tariff.

Electricity cost calculator

A 5,000 m³ frozen store has 120 kW duty, COP 2.6, 8,000 h/year and 0.55 average load.

Inputs

  • • 120 kW duty
  • • COP 2.6
  • • 8,000 h/year
  • • USD 0.12/kWh; 15% surcharge

Calculation

  1. • 120 ÷ 2.6 = 46.15 kW
  2. • 46.15 × 8,000 × 0.55 ≈ 203,077 kWh/year
  3. • Energy ≈ USD 24,369; surcharge ≈ USD 3,655

Result: About USD 28,024 per year before taxes.

Pharma cold storage energy calculator

One +2/+8 °C pharmaceutical room with 60 kW refrigeration duty at COP 2.8.

Inputs

  • • 60 kW = 17.1 TR
  • • 8,000 h/year
  • • 70% average load
  • • USD 0.18/kWh

Calculation

  1. • 60 ÷ 2.8 = 21.43 kW
  2. • 21.43 × 8,000 × 0.70 = 120,000 kWh
  3. • 120,000 × 0.18 = USD 21,600

Result: USD 21,600 per year, USD 216,000 over ten years before escalation.

Cold storage OPEX estimator

4,000 m³ frozen store in a warm climate with daily dispatch and a standard modern plant.

Inputs

  • • 4,000 m³ (141,300 ft³)
  • • Frozen 42 W/m³
  • • Warm ×1.15 · medium traffic ×1.12 · standard ×1.00

Calculation

  1. • 4,000 × 42 × 1.15 × 1.12 × 1.00 ÷ 1000 = 216 kW average
  2. • 216 × 8,760 = 1.90 million kWh / year
  3. • Multiply by your tariff for the power line

Result: ≈ 1.9 GWh per year of refrigeration electricity (≈ 216 kW ≈ 61 TR average) before maintenance, monitoring and labour.

Investment, ROI and bid comparison

Payback, total cost of ownership and like-for-like quote comparison.

Refrigeration equipment ROI calculator

A retrofit requires USD 605,000 installed and produces USD 145,000 annual net benefit over ten years.

Inputs

  • • USD 605,000 installed
  • • USD 145,000 net benefit/year
  • • 10 years at 10%

Calculation

  1. • Simple payback = 605,000 ÷ 145,000 = 4.2 years
  2. • NPV discounts ten annual benefits at 10%

Result: 4.2-year simple payback; read NPV and IRR on the live tool.

Refrigeration retrofit ROI calculator

Retrofit of a plant using 600,000 kWh/yr with a 22% improvement (the page's default inputs).

Inputs

  • • 600,000 kWh/yr
  • • Tariff 0.15 /kWh
  • • Maintenance 28,000 → 18,000 /yr
  • • Investment 240,000 · 3 days × 6,000 downtime

Calculation

  1. • 600,000 × 22% = 132,000 kWh → 19,800 /yr
  2. • Annual saving = 19,800 + 10,000 = 29,800
  3. • Net investment = 240,000 + 18,000 = 258,000
  4. • Payback = 258,000 ÷ 29,800 = 8.7 years

Result: Simple payback ≈ 8.7 years; a grant or a higher improvement shortens it directly.

Refrigeration TCO calculator

Supplier A: 180 kW, COP 2.6, USD 420,000 CAPEX, USD 14,000/year maintenance, two downtime days.

Inputs

  • • 6,000 h/year at 75% load
  • • USD 0.15/kWh
  • • USD 8,000/day downtime

Calculation

  1. • 180 ÷ 2.6 × 6,000 × 0.75 ≈ 311,538 kWh
  2. • Energy = USD 46,731/year
  3. • Operating = USD 76,731/year

Result: 10-year TCO about USD 1.187 million for Supplier A.

Refrigeration bid comparison

Supplier B quotes USD 780,000 for 420 kW but excludes civil, insulation and electrical scope.

Inputs

  • • Highest quote USD 1,050,000
  • • Allowances: civil 7%, insulation 18%, electrical 8%

Calculation

  1. • Allowance = 1,050,000 × 0.33 = USD 346,500
  2. • Comparable = 780,000 + 346,500 = USD 1,126,500

Result: Partial scope exposed and restated — the tool does not rank or recommend bidders.

Financing calculator

Illustrative financing of a USD 2,000,000 project with 15% down over seven years at 7.5%.

Inputs

  • • USD 2,000,000
  • • 15% down
  • • 7.5% rate
  • • 84 months

Calculation

  1. • Down payment = USD 300,000
  2. • Principal = USD 1,700,000
  3. • Monthly ≈ USD 26,075

Result: About USD 2,490,306 total paid. ColdMatch does not lend; qualified projects may be introduced to independent financing partners.

Diagnostics

Rank likely causes before sizing replacement capacity.

Cold room troubleshooting tool

A freezer room does not reach −20 °C; 30 °C ambient, frequent door opening, heavily iced evaporator.

Inputs

  • • Room −20 °C (−4 °F)
  • • Ambient 30 °C (86 °F)
  • • Frequent door opening + iced evaporator

Calculation

  1. • Door infiltration 6 + 2 × 3 = 12
  2. • Defrost 5 + 1 × 3 = 8
  3. • Condenser 4 + 0 = 4

Result: Infiltration first (High), defrost second (High), condenser third (Medium) — inspection priorities, not a diagnosis.

Illustrative planning examples only, not an engineering design or a quotation. Final duty, equipment and cost require a verified heat-load calculation and supplier quotations. ColdMatch Group is a supplier-neutral procurement platform — the project team reviews each request before any supplier introduction. See also the facility sizing guide and the full tools directory.